WHAT CAUSES WIND? Hurricaneforce winds, 74 mph or more, can destroy buildings and mobile homes. Ships relied on trade winds to establish quick, reliable routes across the vast Atlantic and, later, Pacific Oceans. These pressure variations are caused by A)greenhouse effect B)non-circular shape of earth C)warm temperatures in the stratosphere D)uneven heating of the earth's surface E)earth's rotation B)rising and expanding Credit: David Babb A) false You did not open hints for this part. Tertiary circulation: it includes all the local winds which are produced by local causes such as topographical features, sea influences, etc. Choose t=1.5st=1.5 \mathrm{~s}t=1.5s. Why are you more likely to get a static shock to your finger than to your whole hand? E) geostrophic force. As the rising air cools its capacity to hold water decreases (relative humidity increases) and, at some point, saturation with respect to water vapor is reached. Its winds were about 185 kph (115 mph) as it made landfall along the coast of the Bay of Bengal, in what is today Bangladesh. Horizontal variations in air pressure cause a force which makes the wind blow. Which of the following would involve the greatest change in atmospheric pressure? The rotation of the Earth and its uneven heating by the sun also contribute to the formation of high-altitude jet streams.These strong, fast winds in the upper atmosphere can blow 480 kph (298 mph). Cyclone: air blows in towards the center with a clockwise rotation (S. Hemisphere) or a counter-clockwise rotation (N. Hemisphere). What causes ocean currents? Which type of meteorological instrument is used to collect the necessary data for the production of upper-level weather charts? Their . (t/f), The most fundamental reason for all atmospheric motions is the non-uniform heating of the earth by the Sun. This cause a very slight slope and water wants to flow down the slope. The predominant summer wind direction is in favor of the batter. Meteorology - Chapter 6 - Air Pressure and Wi, Chapter 4- Ancient Greece- Study Guide for Te, Air pressure and Wind Chapter 17 Test Review, Intro to Weather and Climate final exam chapt. What can be said of the airplane? Westerlies are strongest in the winter, when pressure over the pole is low, and weakest in summer, when the polar high creates stronger polar easterlies.The strongest westerlies blow through the Roaring Forties, a wind zone between 40 and 50 degrees latitude in the Southern Hemisphere. B) false, but only near the poles its magnetic field A diagram which indicates the percentage of time the wind blows from various directions. One of the most familiar of these downslope winds is the Fhn. Earth Science, Meteorology, Engineering, Geography, Physical Geography. Even strong winds are often short in duration.Trade WindsTrade winds are the powerful prevailing winds that blow from the east across the tropics. Morakot devastated the entire island of Taiwan, with winds of about 140 kph (85 mph). What is the fundamental cause of horizontal pressure differences in the atmosphere? In areas of high pressure, the gases in the air are more crowded. The National Hurricane Center issues hurricane watches for storms that may endanger communities, and hurricane warnings for storms that will reach land within 24 hours.CyclonesCyclones blow through the Indian Ocean in the same way hurricanes blow across the Atlantic. divergence at the surface (The Coriolis Effect). d. centrifugal force. Debris, such as signs, roofing material, siding and small items left outside become flying missiles during hurricanes. Unit 1: Fresh Water: Scarcity or Surfeit? starting the air motion, which of the influences the magnitude of the coriolis force: The Coriolis effect is important only for motions that: With respect to the Coriolis force, which association is NOT correct? The storm must go on for a prolonged period of time to be classified as a blizzard, usually a few hours.Blizzards can isolate and paralyze areas for days, especially if the area rarely has snowfall and does not have the equipment to clear it from the streets.The Great Blizzard of 1888 was perhaps the worst in U.S. recorded history. Rain shadows are created as wind interacts with a mountain range. This simplified National Weather Service (NWS) map shows an intense event which brought subfreezing temperatures as far south as the Gulf of. Many wind farms have been established on mountains, in valleys, and offshore, as the air from the ocean interacts with land-air.Some people think wind turbines are ugly and complain about the noise they make. convergence aloft Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Horizontal variations in air pressure cause a force which makes the wind blow. Its readings may be too low or too high if the temperature varies from the expected. The main cause of wind is a little surprising. Deflects wind to the right of its original path in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of its original path in the Southern Hemisphere. (t/f), If you're cooking pasta for your big romantic date, you'd better allow a few extra minutes for it to cook once it comes to a boil if you're at a high altitude. converging winds and ascending air result over the land. Wind is the name for this occurrence. Identify the choice above that represents low pressure center in the Northern Hemisphere. The Gulf Stream brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico up the East Coast of North America and across the Atlantic to Northern Europe. Winds are directed and driven by the pressure gradient force (moves air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure), The Coriolis force is a deflection in the path of winds or ocean currents caused by the rotation of Earth; Coriolis force deflects objects to the RIGHT in the Northern Hemisphere and to the LEFT in the Southern . geostrophic force. are not influenced. The gases that make up our atmosphere do interesting things as the temperatures change. Gone with the LooThere are dozens of names for winds that blow through specific regions. T/F:Cyclones are characterized by converging surface winds and rising air. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. This can be done with compass directions (ie, a north wind is one that is blowing from the north to the south) or with a degree scale where N=0, E=90, S=180, and W=270. (t/f), Anticyclones characteristically have winds blowing toward their center. Valuable topsoil is blown away and visibility can drop to almost zero. A diagram which indicates the percentage of time the wind blows from various directions. (t/f), Winds flow cyclonically around all areas of low pressure. They have been instrumental in the history of exploration, communication, and trade. These images show the winds of Typhoon Dolphin. The massive 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, an island volcano in Indonesia, had even more dramatic atmospheric results. The pilot flies directly north following a straight line, but arrives at a city some distance to the west of City B. Winds converging in the center are then forced to rise, which leads to adiabatic cooling and the development of clouds and precipitation. (t/f), The main cause of the sea breeze is the unequal heating of land and water. On the surface, wind moves away from high pressure (High) and toward low pressure (Low). C) pressure gradient force. wind direction The vertical component of the air motion is usually: divergence aloft and convergence at the surface. T/F:The Coriolis effect only applies to atmospheric motions; aircraft, rockets, people, etc. In 2016, the first satellite in the GOES-R series, GOES-16, launched into orbit. Even today, shipping depends on trade winds and the ocean currents they drive.In 1947, Norwegian explorer Thor Hyerdahl and a small crew used trade winds to travel from the coast of Peru to the coral reefs of French Polynesia, more than 6,920 kilometers (4,300 miles), in a sail-powered raft. Winds 3. The Levant, the Mideast region in the eastern Mediterranean, does not experience the levant.Loo: strong, hot summer wind that blows across northern India from the arid deserts to the west, and is only stopped by the arrival of the monsoon. are generally faster than surface winds This change in the doldrums disturbs the usual air pressure, creating the moisture-laden Southeast Asian monsoon.Results of WindWind traveling at different speeds, different altitudes, and over water or land can cause different types of patterns and storms.Jet StreamsJet streams are geostrophic winds that form near the boundaries of air masses with different temperatures and humidity. Britain had just become a Protestant nation. where A=0.15m,k=3.5m1A=0.15 \mathrm{~m}, k=3.5 \mathrm{~m}^{-1}A=0.15m,k=3.5m1, and =1.6s1\omega=1.6 \mathrm{~s}^{-1}=1.6s1. Hadley Circulation Cells cause a gradient of pressure shown in this figure. Waves are formed by the wind blowing across the surface of the water. What is the average sea level pressure in the United States? Like Hurricane Katrina, the Bhola Cyclone was a Category 3 storm. divergence aloft ________ are elongated high pressure areas extending towards the poles and are associated with ________. The westerlies of the Roaring Forties were very important to sailors during the Age of Exploration, when explorers and traders from Europe and western Asia used the strong winds to reach the spice markets of Southeast Asia and Australia.Westerlies have an enormous impact on ocean currents, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. The primary forces that cause large-scale motion in the atmosphere are as . These wind maps were created when the typhoon was a Category 4 with winds of 131-155 mph. The larger the difference in air pressure, the stronger the winds. Explain how wind direction is described, giving at least two possible ways that wind direction might be represented. Then, condensation--clouds and rain! The more the pressure changes over a . Neglecting friction, the speed and direction of the horizontal wind are determined by: only gravity. The first Protestant Wind was a storm that destroyed the (Catholic) Spanish Armada off the coast of England in 1588. 78) Theprimary forcewhich causes allwinds is: A) inertia force. Chicago is a lakeside city that experiences cool breezes coming off Lake Michigan. produces strong winds They are fed by polar easterlies and winds from the high-pressure horse latitudes, which sandwich them on either side. T/F: Vertical air movement is necessary for the creation of a sea breeze. The pressure decreases with height. are unaffected by by the coriolis force High winds are caused when air moves between areas with large differences in air pressure. The term pressure gradient refers to: everywhere. Air. (t/f). A) Northern Hemisphere deflection to the right of the wind's original direction, C) Low wind speeds strongest deflection, D) deflection always at a 90 degree angle to the direction of air flow. The wind has a particular direction and follows the conventional flow of pressure. Wind is the movement of air caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun. Although destructive tornadoes can occur at any time of day, most of them occur between 4 and 9 p.m. local time.Tornadoes often occur during intense thunderstorms called supercells. T/F:If you're cooking pasta for your big romantic date, you'd better allow a few extra minutes for it to cook once it comes to a boil if you're at a high altitude. The converging surface wind pattern of a low causes rising motion. Winds of a Category 5 blow at 252 kph (157 mph).Hurricanes spin around a low-pressure (warm) center known as the eye. Sinking air inside the eye makes it very calm. Across the ocean, dust makes the sky hazy. 25 Q The pressure gradient force is directed from higher to lower pressure: A Wind is the primary force driving surface currents in the ocean. The latitude What is the primary force that cause all winds? The wettest typhoon ever recorded was Typhoon Morakot in 2009. (t/f), Horizontal wind motion can help cause vertical air motion. air temperature, the coriolis effect occurs because of this characteristic of the earth: Assume that a parcel with an initial temperature of 20C and a dew point of 7C starts at sea level and travels up the side of a mountain. Skyscrapers must account for this increased wind by having a stronger foundation or being engineered to safely sway with the wind.The amount of force that wind is generating is measured according to the Beaufort scale. The Coriolis effect is important only for motions that: With respect to the Coriolis force, which association is NOT correct? The cause of the clockwise spiraling motion is: You would expect vertical airflow in a cyclone to result in: You would expect vertical airflow in an anticyclone to result in: High air pressure zones are usually associated with: If "fair" weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be: Weather reports of wind express only the horizontal motion of the air. These storm surges are extremely dangerous and cause 90 percent of all hurricane deaths.The deadliest hurricane on record is the Great Hurricane of 1780. Meteorology - Chapter 6 - Air Pressure and Wi, The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, Dennis G. Tasa, Frederick K. Lutgens, Tarbuck. The Tri-State Tornado killed 695 people in 3.5 hours.The best protection against a tornado is early warning. Find out how hurricanes and tornadoes form. The Coriolis force is perpendicular to the object's axis. Germany has the most installed wind energy capacity, followed by Spain, the United States, India, and Denmark. The complex relationships between fronts cause different types of wind and weather patterns.Prevailing winds are winds that blow from a single direction over a specific area of the Earth. Colder air sinks. Prevailing winds in the doldrums are very weak, and the weather is unusually calm.The ITCZ straddles the Equator. And the bigger the difference between the pressures, the faster the air will move from the high to the low pressure. The islands of the Philippines, China, Vietnam, and Japan are the most affected. You might think that the warm air would lead to a higher pressure area, but actually the opposite is true. When the wavelength shift for Compton scattering from a free electron is a maximum, what is the scattering angle? How long before surgery can an autologous blood transfusion be obtained? They can help you get to your destination more quickly. That rush of air is the wind we experience. She or he will best know the preferred format. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Divergence in the atmosphere is best defined as: the primary force which causes all winds is: Neglecting friction, the speed and direction of the horizontal wind are determined by: True or False: air pressure is exerted in all directions, True or false: if the pressure gradient were at 1020 millibars it would be higher than normal, A steep pressure gradient: primary force that causes all winds. The primary force which causes all winds is: air would move directly from high to low pressure. It is strong enough to carry sailing ships across the ocean and rip huge trees from the ground. The Coriolis effect occurs because of this characteristic of the earth. Extraterrestrial WindsThe same forces that cause winds on Earthuneven heating by the sun and the planets rotationcause other planets to develop strong winds. Neptunian winds whip at speeds up to 2,100 kph (1,300 mph).Extrasolar planets (those outside our solar system) have even faster winds. ; The Coriolis force is the name for this force. The pilot flies directly north following a straight line, but arrives at a city some distance to the west of City B. In 1857, Dutch meteorologist Christoph Buys Ballot formulated a law about geostrophic winds: When you stand with your back to the wind in the Northern Hemisphere, low pressure is always to your left. The Coriolis effect occurs because of this characteristic of the earth: A plane takes off from City A headed for City B, located directly to the north. The illustration below portrays the global wind belts, three in each hemisphere. The devastation and inconvenience led urban leaders to invest in the creation of the first subway system in the U.S., which opened in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1897. c. pressure gradient force. Fhn windsnicknamed snow-eatersdevelop as air descends over the Alps, creating a warmer climate in central Europe.Winds also help drive ocean surface currents around the world. Circulation in the earth's atmosphere are fundamentally caused by: A cyclone is generally defined by meteorologists as: in the opposite direction of Earth's rotation. are greatly influenced by surface friction produces light winds Pressure gradient force, Coriolis and friction. (t/f), The sea breeze is a simple thermal circulation that does not involve a pressure gradient. Surface Circulation Solar heating cause water to expand. 78) C ) pressure gradient force . The primary force which causes all winds is: air would move directly from high to low pressure. T/F:A wind direction of 270 degrees means that the wind is blowing from the southeast. If an object is at rest, can we conclude that no external forces are acting on it? Gases move from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas. In areas where tornadoes are common, many communities have tornado warning systems. Friction: Occurs when air molecules drag along the rough surface of the Earth, but decreases as height above the surface increases. At the surface, increased friction slows the winds and also reduces the Coriolis deflection. Protestant WindThe Protestant Wind refers to the lucky weather encountered by the British Navy of the 16th-17th centuries. theforcethat results when there is a difference inpressureacross a surface. When representing wind direction numerically, winds from the north are associated with: Of the various elements of weather and climate, changes in air pressure are probably the most easily perceived by people. outward and counter clockwise, Instead of the air flowing straight out of a high pressure system, it spirals out in a clockwise direction. These tornadoes can travel across the ground for dozens of kilometers and through several states.These violent storms occur around the world, but the United States is a major hotspot with about a thousand tornadoes every year. Heavy rains contribute to floods and landslides, which may occur many kilometers inland. They always blow from cold, high-pressure regions. winds would not be impacted by the Coriolis Effect. clouds, cyclonic airflow is characterized by : Trade winds are generally very predictable. Cincinnati leaders dismissed Chicago baseball players and businesses as being insubstantial and meaninglesswindy and full of hot air. Learning Designer: April Millet, The Pennsylvania State University. If the disturbance lasts for more than 24 hours and gets to speeds of 61 kph (38 mph), it becomes known as a tropical depression.When a tropical depression speeds up to 63-117 kph (39-73 mph), it is known as a tropical storm, and is given a name. No way. Anemometers are used with tornado data collectors, which measure the velocity, precipitation, and pressure of tornadoes.Tornadoes strength is measured according to the Fujita scale. The main cause of wind is a little surprising. National Geographic Environment: Wind Power, National Geographic Environment: Harness the Power of Wind. Summer monsoons bring warmth and precipitation to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.The summer monsoon is essential for the health and economies of the Indian subcontinent. (t/f), Low air pressure zones are associated with cloudy skies and stormy weather. San Francisco is a coastal city in sunny California, and yet the author Mark Twain noticed that the coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco!Wind affects the climate of a mountainous area differently. The cause of eye formation is still not fully understood. convergence aloft Rising air undergoes adiabatic cooling, which assists in the formation of clouds. (t/f), Cyclones are characterized by converging surface winds and rising air. These are jet streams. Wind is caused by air flowing from high pressure to low pressure. centrifugal force. Spanish, Portuguese, and British ships were quick, relatively easy to maneuver, and their large, complex series of sails exploited trade winds and southern westerlies to travel across the ocean. (t/f), Stormy weather is more closely associated with anticyclones than with cyclones. (t/f), The Coriolis effect is strongest at the equator and diminishes in strength poleward. Convergence occurs near the equator (winds blow in towards one another) and Divergence occurs under the descending air that forms high-pressure belts. In the southern hemisphere, anticyclonic winds flow: In the northern hemisphere, cyclonic winds flow: Instead of the air flowing straight out of a high pressure system, it spirals out in a clockwise direction. D) true. The maximum pressure range of the atmosphere is between: The addition of water vapor will cause the density of air to: Which of the following has the smallest impact on winds? New Orleans, as well as Mobile, Alabama, and Gulfport, Mississippi, took years to recover from the damage done to their structures and infrastructure.The best defense against a hurricane is an accurate forecast that gives people time to get out of its way. . When upper atmospheric winds blow parallel to the isobars along straight paths, they are termed ________ winds. Coastal communities are usually much cooler than their inland neighbors. would be depicted by widely spaced isobars, the overall strength of a circulation system is determined by This is something that happens in nature all the time: things always try to even out. (Visibility is the distance that a person can seeblizzards, like fog, make visibility difficult and a task like driving dangerous.) Winds of up to 72 kph (45 mph) whipped the East Coast from Chesapeake Bay to as far north as Nova Scotia, Canada. The air will be still one day, and the next, powerful gusts of wind can knock down trees. Even when farmers take precautions to protect it, the wind can erode up to 2.5 kilograms of loess per square meter (1.6 pound per square foot) every year.The most famous example of this devastating windstorm is probably the Dust Bowl of 1930s North America. Because of this, we get pockets of warm air and cold air. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports cold, nutrient-rich water around Antarctica. If you want to locate the centers of high and low pressure systems, you will need a map that has: A cyclone is generally defined by meterologists as: The addition of water vapor will cause the density of the air to. Acycloneis generally defined by meteorologists as: in the opposite direction of Earth's rotation. This downdraft is a tornado.Depending on the temperature and moisture of the air, a tornado can last a few minutes or over an hour. The geostrophic wind concept is most like the real atmospheric winds: When geostrophic conditions exist in the atmosphere, thenetforce on the moving air is: The geostrophic wind describes a situation where the air moves: If you stand with your back to the wind, there is low pressure on your left and high pressure on the right. This illustrates the fact that: friction is present only close to the ground. The area around the ITCZ is called the doldrums. And then check out the simulations where you can create a hurricane and control a tornado. outward and clockwise Due to the Gulf Stream, Northern Europe enjoys a much warmer, milder climate than other areas at similar latitudes, such as the U.S. state of Alaska.Impact on EcologyWind has the power to move particles of earthusually dust or sandin great quantities, and over far distances. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Driven by westerlies, the powerful Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) rushes around the continent (from west to east) at about 4 kilometers per hour (2.5 miles per hour). T/F:The Coriolis effect is strongest at the equator and diminishes in strength poleward. its dense core, the coriolis effect influences the wind by (t/f), A wind direction of 270 degrees means that the wind is blowing from the southeast. At what elevation will condensation begin inside the parcel? Generally, prevailing winds blow east-west rather than north-south. Wind is the movement of air caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun. This, as you well know, is a flow from high pressure to low pressure. On Earth, the main differences in air pressure are caused by differences in temperature. The converging surface wind pattern of a low causes rising motion. Which of the following is not a mechanism to lift air to cause condensation, cloud formation, and potentially storms: a. colliding air masses - fronts b. orographic lifting c. convection d. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. A gradient of pressure (high to low) is formed that causes air to flow away from the high and towards the low pressure at the surface. And the bigger the difference between the pressures, the faster the air will move from the high to the low pressure. Pressure gradient force is the primary force influencing the formation of wind from local to global scales. Why are clouds and precipitation associated with surface low pressure systems? T/F:A steep pressure gradient indicates strong winds. The spacing of isobar lines on a map provides a visual indication of ________. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. This powerful updraft is called a mesocyclone.A mesocyclone contains rotating drafts of air 1 to 10 kilometers (1 to 6 miles) in the atmosphere. Areas where prevailing winds meet are called convergence zones. A) wind direction The horizontal movement of air is called ________. pressure gradient force. Their empires in Africa, eastern Asia, and the "New World" of North and South America blossomed in the 16th-19th centuries. They emanate from the polar highs, areas of high pressure around the North and South Poles. do not influence surface weather, in the northern hemisphere, cyclonic winds flow: Storm surges and floods caused by those winds, however, caused the most damage. The primary force which causes all winds is a. inertia force. Gravity (G) - causes vertical pressure differences and winds Coriolis Force (Co) - causes all moving objects, such as air, to diverge, or veer, to the right in the Plants that rely on anemochory produce hundreds and even thousands of seeds. Its magnitude depends on the pressure gradient, which is a measure of the spacing between isobars. The primary force which causes all winds is a) Coriolis effect b) geostrophic force c) pressure gradient force d) centrifugal force e) inertia force pressure gradient force The geostrophic wind describes a situation where the air moves a) upward b) very slowly c) very fast d) parallel to the isobars e) from pole to equator parallel to the isobars If air pressure is reduced by one-half for every five-kilometer increase in altitude, what would be the air pressure at a height of 25 kilometers as a fraction of sea-level air pressure? Subway StormThe Great Blizzard of 1888 shut down roads and rails along the East Coast of the United States. a. a zone where the polar easterlies and the westerlies converge. Winds were sustained at 260 kph (160 mph). The gases that make up our atmosphere do interesting things as the temperatures change.
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