And it's interesting to note how many youngsters we've been seeing in these films. I was wearing my mother's black and white cocktail dress that was empire-waisted. Do you want them to lose all chance of a normal, happy, married life? It was a 100% profit, I mean they were stealing the liquor, then watering it down, and they charging twice as much as they charged one door away at the 55. You know, all of a sudden, I had brothers and sisters, you know, which I didn't have before. We don't know. National Archives and Records Administration John O'Brien:They had increased their raids in the trucks. It was narrated by author Rita Mae Brown, directed by Greta Schiller, co-directed by Robert Rosenberg, and co-produced by John Scagliotti and Rosenberg, and Schiller. I was proud. Slate:The Homosexuals(1967), CBS Reports. And as I'm looking around to see what's going on, police cars, different things happening, it's getting bigger by the minute. This was in front of the police. Martin Boyce:We were like a Hydra. They were just holding us almost like in a hostage situation where you don't know what's going to happen next. Absolutely, and many people who were not lucky, felt the cops. And in a sense the Stonewall riots said, "Get off our backs, deliver on the promise." The overwhelming number of medical authorities said that homosexuality was a mental defect, maybe even a form of psychopathy. Before Stonewall, the activists wanted to fit into society and not rock the boat. I entered the convent at 26, to pursue that question and I was convinced that I would either stay until I got an answer, or if I didn't get an answer just stay. Obama signed the memorandum to extend benefits to same-sex partners of federal employees. Things were just changing. Cop (Archival):Anyone can walk into that men's room, any child can walk in there, and see what you guys were doing. Doric Wilson:And we were about 100, 120 people and there were people lining the sidewalks ahead of us to watch us go by, gay people, mainly. It was fun to see fags. Read a July 6, 1969excerpt fromTheNew York Daily News. John O'Brien:I was very anti-police, had many years already of activism against the forces of law and order. As you read, keep in mind that LGBTQ+ is a relatively new term and, while queer people have always existed, the terminology has changed frequently over the years. And then there were all these priests ranting in church about certain places not to go, so you kind of knew where you could go by what you were told not to do. As kids, we played King Kong. I mean I'm talking like sardines. Martin Boyce:You could be beaten, you could have your head smashed in a men's room because you were looking the wrong way. Lester Senior Housing Community, Jewish Community Housing Corporation And they wore dark police uniforms and riot helmets and they had billy clubs and they had big plastic shields, like Roman army, and they actually formed a phalanx, and just marched down Christopher Street and kind of pushed us in front of them. John O'Brien:They went for the head wounds, it wasn't just the back wounds and the leg wounds. Fred Sargeant But, that's when we knew, we were ourselves for the first time. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:So at that point the police are extremely nervous. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:We didn't have the manpower, and the manpower for the other side was coming like it was a real war. Somehow being gay was the most terrible thing you could possibly be. Virginia Apuzzo:What we felt in isolation was a growing sense of outrage and fury particularly because we looked around and saw so many avenues of rebellion. Franco Sacchi, Additional Animation and Effects Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:It really should have been called Stonewall uprising. It was done in our little street talk. And we all relaxed. Liz Davis John O'Brien:Whenever you see the cops, you would run away from them. Tom Caruso Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:We had maybe six people and by this time there were several thousand outside. Even non-gay people. Transcript Aired June 9, 2020 Stonewall Uprising The Year That Changed America Film Description When police raided the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in the Greenwich Village section of. It eats you up inside. This 1955 educational film warns of homosexuality, calling it "a sickness of the mind.". Doric Wilson:That's what happened Stonewall night to a lot of people. Martin Boyce:I wasn't labeled gay, just "different." The homosexual, bitterly aware of his rejection, responds by going underground. The award-winning documentary film, Before Stonewall, which was released theatrically and broadcast on PBS television in 1984, explored the history of the lesbian and gay rights movement in the United States prior to 1969. Things were being thrown against the plywood, we piled things up to try to buttress it. And Vito and I walked the rest of the whole thing with tears running down our face. But we went down to the trucks and there, people would have sex. Jerry Hoose:I mean the riot squad was used to riots. and I didn't see anything but a forest of hands. But you live with it, you know, you're used to this, after the third time it happened, or, the third time you heard about it, that's the way the world is. This is one thing that if you don't get caught by us, you'll be caught by yourself. But it's serious, don't kid yourselves about it. When you exit, have some identification and it'll be over in a short time." And gay people were standing around outside and the mood on the street was, "They think that they could disperse us last night and keep us from doing what we want to do, being on the street saying I'm gay and I'm proud? I made friends that first day. And the first gay power demonstration to my knowledge was against my story inThe Village Voiceon Wednesday. They were to us. You throw into that, that the Stonewall was raided the previous Tuesday night. Marcus spoke with NPR's Ari Shapiro about his conversations with leaders of the gay-rights movement, as well as people who were at Stonewall when the riots broke out. Don't fire until I fire. William Eskridge, Professor of Law:All throughout the 60s in New York City, the period when the New York World's Fair was attracting visitors from all over America and all over the world. Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:There were gay bars all over town, not just in Greenwich Village. Dick Leitsch:So it was mostly goofing really, basically goofing on them. Everyone from the street kids who were white and black kids from the South. It's very American to say, "You promised equality, you promised freedom." Richard Enman (Archival):Well, let me say, first of all, what type of laws we are not after, because there has been much to-do that the Society was in favor of the legalization of marriage between homosexuals, and the adoption of children, and such as that, and that is not at all factual at all. From left: "Before Stonewall" director Greta Schiller, executive producer John Scagliotti and co-director Robert Rosenberg in 1985. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:So you're outside, and you see like two people walking toward these trucks and you think, "Oh I think I'll go in there," you go in there, there's like a lot of people in there and it's all dark. To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Teddy Awards, the film was shown at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2016. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:Those of us that were the street kids we didn't think much about the past or the future. Jerry Hoose:The police would come by two or three times a night. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:All of a sudden, in the background I heard some police cars. People started throwing pennies. Alexis Charizopolis There was the Hippie movement, there was the Summer of Love, Martin Luther King, and all of these affected me terribly. Jerry Hoose:Gay people who had good jobs, who had everything in life to lose, were starting to join in. We assembled on Christopher Street at 6th Avenue, to march. NBC News Archives This is every year in New York City. Danny Garvin:It was the perfect time to be in the Village. I mean does anyone know what that is? Jerry Hoose:I was afraid it was over. Jerry Hoose:I was chased down the street with billy clubs. People could take shots at us. Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:It was a bottle club which meant that I guess you went to the door and you bought a membership or something for a buck and then you went in and then you could buy drinks. The first police officer that came in with our group said, "The place is under arrest. But it was a refuge, it was a temporary refuge from the street. That night, the police ran from us, the lowliest of the low. You gotta remember, the Stonewall bar was just down the street from there. Lauren Noyes. Getting then in the car, rocking them back and forth. People that were involved in it like me referred to it as "The First Run." Martha Shelley:When I was growing up in the '50s, I was supposed to get married to some guy, produce, you know, the usual 2.3 children, and I could look at a guy and say, "Well, objectively he's good looking," but I didn't feel anything, just didn't make any sense to me. And it just seemed like, fantastic because the background was this industrial, becoming an industrial ruin, it was a masculine setting, it was a whole world. Hear more of the conversation and historical interviews at the audio link. [2][3] Later in 2019, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[4][5][6]. Danny Garvin:People were screaming "pig," "copper." Other images in this film are ", Martin Boyce:People in the neighborhood, the most unlikely people were starting to support it. It was terrifying. But we had to follow up, we couldn't just let that be a blip that disappeared. We didn't expect we'd ever get to Central Park. We'll put new liquor in there, we'll put a new mirror up, we'll get a new jukebox." Urban Stages The music was great, cafes were good, you know, the coffee houses were good. The Catholic Church, be damned to hell. Doric Wilson:Somebody that I knew that was older than me, his family had him sent off where they go up and damage the frontal part of the brain. Doug Cramer John O'Brien:And then somebody started a fire, they started with little lighters and matches. Somebody grabbed me by the leg and told me I wasn't going anywhere. 400 Plankinton Ave. Compton's Cafeteria Raid, San Francisco, California, 1966 Coopers Do-Nut Raid, Los Angeles, California, 1959 Pepper Hill Club Raid, Baltimore, Maryland in 1955. Ed Koch, Councilman, New York City:Yes, entrapment did exist, particularly in the subway system, in the bathrooms. I mean I'm only 19 and this'll ruin me. Raymond Castro:We were in the back of the room, and the lights went on, so everybody stopped what they were doing, because now the police started coming in, raiding the bar. Doric Wilson But as we were going up 6th Avenue, it kept growing. A New York Police officer grabs a man by the hair as another officer clubs a man during a confrontation in Greenwich Village after a Gay Power march in New York. Martin Boyce:All of a sudden, Miss New Orleans and all people around us started marching step by step and the police started moving back. Because to be gay represented to me either very, super effeminate men or older men who hung out in the upper movie theatres on 42nd Street or in the subway T-rooms, who'd be masturbating. Chris Mara, Production Assistants A gay rights march in New York in favor of the 1968 Civil Rights Act being amended to include gay rights. Jorge Garcia-Spitz In the sexual area, in psychology, psychiatry. Richard Enman (Archival):Present laws give the adult homosexual only the choice of being, to simplify the matter, heterosexual and legal or homosexual and illegal. And this went on for hours. Jerry Hoose:The open gay people that hung out on the streets were basically the have-nothing-to-lose types, which I was. Mike Wallace (Archival):The average homosexual, if there be such, is promiscuous. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt We ought to know, we've arrested all of them. It's the first time I'm fully inside the Stonewall. They would bang on the trucks. Audience Member (Archival):I was wondering if you think that there are any quote "happy homosexuals" for whom homosexuality would be, in a way, their best adjustment in life? And that, that was a very haunting issue for me. We'd say, "Here comes Lillian.". If anybody should find out I was gay and would tell my mother, who was in a wheelchair, it would have broken my heart and she would have thought she did something wrong. Glenn Fukushima The events that took place in June 1969 have been described as the birth of the gay-rights movement, but that's only partially true. The medical experimentation in Atascadero included administering, to gay people, a drug that simulated the experience of drowning; in other words, a pharmacological example of waterboarding. And here they were lifting things up and fighting them and attacking them and beating them. Fifty years ago, a gay bar in New York City called The Stonewall Inn was raided by police, and what followed were days of rebellion where protesters and police clashed. We knew that this was a moment that we didn't want to let slip past, because it was something that we could use to bring more of the groups together. It eats you up inside not being comfortable with yourself. Clever. Greg Shea, Legal This documentary uses extensive archival film, movie clips and personal recollections to construct an audiovisual history of the gay community before the Stonewall riots. Synopsis. One of the world's oldest and largest gay pride parades became a victory celebration after New York's historic decision to legalize same-sex marriage. You see, Ralph was a homosexual. Stacker put together a timeline of LGBTQ+ history leading up to Stonewall, beginning with prehistoric events and ending in the late 1960s. Mike Wallace (Archival):Dr. Charles Socarides is a New York psychoanalyst at the Albert Einstein School of Medicine. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:There were no instructions except: put them out of business. Jerry Hoose The Stonewall riots, as they came to be known, marked a major turning point in the modern gay civil rights movement in the United States and around the world. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:It was getting worse and worse. To commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Stonewall riots in New York City, activists rode their motorcycles during the city's 1989 gay-pride parade. Paul Bosche And that crowd between Howard Johnson's and Mama's Chik-n-Rib was like the basic crowd of the gay community at that time in the Village. Directors Greta Schiller Robert Rosenberg (co-director) Stars Rita Mae Brown Maua Adele Ajanaku Daniel Pine Yvonne Ritter:I did try to get out of the bar and I thought that there might be a way out through one of the bathrooms. Doric Wilson:When I was very young, one of the terms for gay people was twilight people, meaning that we never came out until twilight, 'til it got dark. MacDonald & Associates Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen Gay History Papers and Photographs, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations I say, I cannot tell this without tearing up. Raymond Castro:So finally when they started taking me out, arm in arm up to the paddy wagon, I jumped up and I put one foot on one side, one foot on the other and I sprung back, knocking the two arresting officers, knocking them to the ground. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Gay bars were to gay people what churches were to blacks in the South. Joe DeCola Once it started, once that genie was out of the bottle, it was never going to go back in. Dick Leitsch:And that's when you started seeing like, bodies laying on the sidewalk, people bleeding from the head. The film combined personal interviews, snapshots and home movies, together with historical footage. John O'Brien:The election was in November of 1969 and this was the summer of 1969, this was June. David Alpert David Carter Eventually something was bound to blow. And she was quite crazy. It was as bad as any situation that I had met in during the army, had just as much to worry about. Frank Simon's documentary follows the drag contestants of 1967's Miss All-American Camp Beauty Pageant, capturing plenty of on- and offstage drama along the way. I mean, I came out in Central Park and other places. Narrator (Archival):This is a nation of laws. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:They were sexual deviates. And so we had to create these spaces, mostly in the trucks. Danny Garvin:Something snapped. Martha Shelley:Before Stonewall, the homophile movement was essentially the Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis and all of these other little gay organizations, some of which were just two people and a mimeograph machine. Fifty years ago, a riot broke out at the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City's Greenwich Village. Jerry Hoose:Who was gonna complain about a crackdown against gay people? Martha Shelley:In those days, what they would do, these psychiatrists, is they would try to talk you into being heterosexual. Quentin Heilbroner They call them hotels, motels, lovers' lanes, drive-in movie theaters, etc. So gay people were being strangled, shot, thrown in the river, blackmailed, fired from jobs. Cause we could feel a sense of love for each other that we couldn't show out on the street, because you couldn't show any affection out on the street. June 21, 2019 1:29 PM EDT. I mean it didn't stop after that. Martin Boyce Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:That night I'm in my office, I looked down the street, and I could see the Stonewall sign and I started to see some activity in front. Do you understand me?". All kinds of designers, boxers, big museum people. Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:A rather tough lesbian was busted in the bar and when she came out of the bar she was fighting the cops and trying to get away. Evan Eames And we had no right to such. I was a man. Chris Mara Danny Garvin:There was more anger and more fight the second night. Jeremiah Hawkins Today, that event is seen as the start of the gay civil rights movement, but gay activists and organizations were standing up to harassment and discrimination years before. Yvonne Ritter:"In drag," quote unquote, the downside was that you could get arrested, you could definitely get arrested if someone clocked you or someone spooked that you were not really what you appeared to be on the outside. Virginia Apuzzo: I grew up with that. ITN Source We were all there. Martha Shelley:They wanted to fit into American society the way it was. Heather Gude, Archival Research The men's room was under police surveillance. Slate:The Homosexual(1967), CBS Reports. Genre: Documentary, History, Drama. The newly restored 1984 documentary "Before Stonewall: The Making of a Gay and Lesbian Community," re-released to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the seminal Stonewall riots, remains a . That this was normal stuff. John O'Brien:It was definitely dark, it was definitely smelly and raunchy and dirty and that's the only places that we had to meet each other, was in the very dirty, despicable places. A CBS news public opinion survey indicates that sentiment is against permitting homosexual relationships between consenting adults without legal punishment. Narrator (Archival):Richard Enman, president of the Mattachine Society of Florida, whose goal is to legalize homosexuality between consenting adults, was a reluctant participant in tonight's program.
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